TRYPSIN LAB Essay Example For Students

TRYPSIN LAB Essay Title: The Effects of Substrate Concentration and Temperature on the Rate of Hydrolysis of the Enzyme Trypsin. Abstract: Quantitative measurements can relate both temperature and substrate concentration to the enzymatic activity of trypsin. By analyzing the data, it is suggested that at BAPNA concentrations below those corresponding to Vmax are rate limiting, as less active sights are available for adhesion. The values of Vmax and Km relate a temperate catalytic efficiency of trypsin. The temperature range of most efficiency for the enzyme was those between 36 and 54 degrees Celsius. Introduction: Enzymes are specialized proteins that aid in formation or breakdown of larger protein or multi-protein complexes. Trypsin is a pancreatic protease that digests proteins by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds in proteins. It has a high degree of specificity and will only hydrolize the peptide bonds that occur on the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine. Generally hydrolytic reactions occur with the addition of water to breakdown a large protein into two protein fragments. Substrate concentra tion and temperature both would interfere and affect with the hydrolysis of Na-benzol-L-arginly-p-nitroanalide (BAPNA) into arginina and p-nitroaniline (PNA). An increase in the substrate concentration would most likely enhance the conversion into PNA, as collisions between the enzyme and substrate would increase. Temperature and pH can both influence the kinetics of an enzyme (Karp 100). Trypsin, being an organic enzyme, would probably work most effectively at temperatures consistent with biological life, falling in the ranges of 34C and 40C. The change in PNA concentration can be plotted against BAPNA concentration or temperature. To measure the kinetics of an enzyme, two variables can be found, Vmax and Km. Km is the estimated substrate concentration required for the reaction to advance at one half Vmax. Vmax is the maximal velocity of the reaction. These two values can be determined from the double reciprocal of the Michalelis-Menton equation or the Lineweaver-Burke Plot, with t he y intercept being 1/ Vmax, and the x intercept being -1/ Km. the equations are as follows:Michalelis-Mentonvelocity of reaction= Vmax (substrate concentration)/( Kms) Lineweaver-Burke plot 1/velocity= Km/ Vmax*1/sibstrate concentration+1/ VmaxMethods: Part 1: Effect of Substrate Concentration on Velocity Cuvette one was placed into the spectrophotometer containing the following: 0.1 ml of 10X buffer (400 mM Tris-HCl and 160 mM CaCl2), and 0.9 ml H2O. The absorbance was then read using a wavelength of 410 nm, and the absorbance number was used as a blank for the rest of the lab. The cuvette contained no PNA (the colored substrate) and hence is the reading when no reaction is taking place. The wavelength was chosen because the substrate is colored yellow, and a color other than yellow was needed to penetrate the cuvette, (410 nm is blue light). The absorbencies were then found using the following concentrations (in mM): 0.020, 0.040, 0.060, 0.080, 0.100, 0.120, 0.160, and 0.200. Th e results were then plotted with the absorbance being the dependent variable and the concentration the independent. The extinction coefficient, also called the molar absorption coefficient, could then calculated using the equation provided by the Biology 152 Lab Manual, E=A/cl were E is the extinction coefficient, A the absorbance, c the product of concentration, and l the length of the light path. With the extinction coefficient found, the rate of reaction could be found. We will write a custom essay on TRYPSIN LAB specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 0.1 ml of 10X buffer and 0.4 ml of H2O were added to two cuvettes and gently mixed. 0.4 ml of 1 mM BAPNA was then added to each. To cuvette one, an additional 0.1 ml of H2O was added and mixed and placed in the spectrophotometer. This was the control to measure the hydrolysis of BAPNA in the absence of enzyme. In the second cuvette 0.1 ml of enzyme was added and mixed, then placed into the spectrophotometer. Readings of the absorbencies were taken every 15 seconds for ten minuets. The extinction coefficient was then used to convert each absorbance reading to PNA concentration. .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .postImageUrl , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:visited , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:active { border:0!important; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:active , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: EToys EssaySeven tubes were prepared with the following a constant of 10X buffer, water, and enzyme. Added to the mixture were the following amounts (in ml) of BABNA before placing into the spectrophotometer: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.80. Corresponding amounts of H2O were then added in the following amounts (ml): 0.75, .70, .60, .50, .35, .20, and .00.The absorbencies were read every 15 seconds for 2.5 minuets. The PNA concentration was then plotted as a function of time. The slope of the linear portion of the graph represented the initial velocity of substrate hydrolysis as a function of time. The linear properties of the graph begin to wane as the BAPNA supply decreases over time. The increasing of PNA concentration will drive the initial velocity of the equation equal of lesser to Vmax and extent the linear portion of the graph. More trypsin would invariably provide more active sites to which BAPNA molecules can bind. The initial velocity of substrate hydrolysis is thus greater. Dropping the concentration would have the opposite effect, lowering the initial velocity of the reaction, limiting the linear region, as the former extends the linear region. Part 2: Effect of Temperature on VelocityObtain constant amounts of 10X buffer, H2O, BAPNA, and enzyme and place into cuvettes, saving the addition of enzyme until last. Acquire prescribed temperature by lowering the bottom of the cuvette into a bath for two minuets. When removed, add the enzyme, place in the spectrometer with the same 410 nm setting and record absorbances every 15 seconds for two and a half minuets. Repeat for the following temperatures (C): 10, 38, 45, 47, 50, and 54. Use data to determine the ideal temperature for enzyme action. The reaction rate against the BAPNA concentration of the hydrolysis of BAPNA displays a preliminary linear increase in the rate of reaction with a gradual decrease in the change of rate with substrate concentration to Vmax. The Lineweaver-Burke plot graph (Fig 1) estimated the value of Vmax to be 0.0627 mM/min, while the Km estimated was 0.413 mM. The equation for the double reciprocal was 1/velocity=(6.586) 1/substrate conc.+15.947. The curve representing the rate of reaction versus time demonstrated a low rate of reaction for the low temperature extremes, including 10C. The most efficient temperature demonstrated by our experiment was that of 54C. However when the temperature was increased to 56C, the reaction declined. Each graphical representation of the individual temperatures carried with it similar characteristics. Each possessed an initial linear relationship, and then each began to level off as the extinction coefficient was reached. The results of our first experiment displayed that as the concentration of substrate in a solution of enzyme increases, the rate of reaction increases. Enzymes work on the principal that substrate is formed by random collisions between enzyme and substrate. Hence more of either will increase the production of product. Our data showed this too is true, as product was formed at a faster rate with more enzymes, than of those solutions containing less. The values of Km and Vmax (0.413 mM and 0.0627 respectively) obtained from Fig 1 imply that trypsin has a moderate affinity for its substrate. Trypsin is also sensitive to temperature. Higher temperatures seemingly denature the enzyme, changing its structure and hence it is no longer able to fit in the substrates active site. Being a biological enzyme, it would assume to work well at temperatures associated with biological life, which it did, working optimally within the range of 36-54 degrees Celsius. Below this temperature, little activity was observed as the molecules were moving in a slower fashion, and the shape once again is changed. Karp, G. (1996) Bioenergetics. Pages 91-103 in Karp, G., Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments Second Edition. John Wiley Sons Inc., New YorkBibliography:

CUBA THE TOTALITARIAN REGIME THAT STILL GOES ON essays

CUBA THE TOTALITARIAN REGIME THAT STILL GOES ON essays CUBA THE TOTALITARIAN REGIME THAT STILL GOES ON When Columbus came to Cuba in 1492, he and his predecessors would probably never have imagined of this islands outcome within the centuries ahead. from conquering the country, to its independence, to the totalitarian regime put into it, all these major events have made the island what it is today. Before giving the whole story about the Communists, one must understand how the country was born so heres a little bit of a background history: Spain had conquered Cuba in 1511 under Diego Velasquez. Frequent insurrections failed to end Spains harsh rule. From 1868 to 1878 occurred the Armed rebellion known as the Ten Years War, led by plantation owner Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, a co-author of Cubas declaration of independence. After the loss of more than 200,000 lives, the revolt ended in failure. In 1933, Fulgencio Batista led a sergeants revolt that toppled the despotic rule of Gen. Grarado Machado and it was at that time that Batista became the most powerful man in Cuba. He was elected president in 1940 and made himself chief of state with dictatorial powers. Years of corrupt government, terrorism and embezzlement made by the United States led to a revolt in 1958 under the leadership of Fidel Castro. Batista fled to the Dominican Republic and the Fidelistas were in control of Havana. Castro then became premier at the young age of 32. At first people applauded the downfall of Batista and hoped that Castro could bring the country the prosperity it had wished for. Unfortunately, before long, people came to realization that the new regime had embraced Communism. At home, Castros regime has created the most repressive police state apparatus in the Western Hemisphere. Cuba is like the George Orwell nightmare predicted in the book 1984 except that this time the country is set in the tropics with Big Brother sporting a beard and ...

Human resourse practice in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human resourse practice in China - Essay Example It also focuses on identifying the connections among these practices and highlighting the cultural dimensions of China. 1.1 Recruitment and selection In historical perspective, recruitment and selection of employees had little significance in China. They were following an iron rice bowl system, which has no policy of external labor market. All practices of HR such as recruiting, training, compensation and performance appraisal were handled by this one single system. However, after 1995, many countries started working on free labor market including China. This involved recruiting from all levels such as universities, colleges and schools, which is a common practice nowadays in China and many other developed countries. Presently, researches have noted that mostly in organizations 80% of employees get jobs on the basis of sources such as relatives, family, and friends etc. this is an illegal practice. This large amount of percentage should be reduced and other people should also be pref erred while recruiting and selection process. It have also been noted that most of the companies in China also prefer to transfer managers internally in order to fill the vacancies rather than hiring a person from outside (Child J, 2000). A selection criterion of China differs as compared to the other western countries. It focuses more on its cultural values i.e. guanxi, which means that there should be relationship among companies, employees and the government. Then only an organization leads to success. This culture focuses on the idea that employees should know that they are obliged to create a fit in their job and company should be able to retain the excess staff in case of new positions. This results to over employment in an organization. In recruiting and selection process companies should have more focus on skill and experience of a person rather than identifying that a person is Chinese or a foreigner, which is the common practice of Chinese companies. 1.2 Training and devel opment Education, training and development of employees lead to efficiency in performance and provide various benefits to the enterprise. In past it was identified that about 1.5% of workers in china had a suitable qualification, 27.3% studied till high school and 7.8% workers had technical knowledge. This shows that Chinese workers had lack of skills and were untrained. But after centralization of economy, China has concentrated more on the training and development of employees. Workers were provided internships and technical education in order to make them skilled persons. But a major problem identified in this program was that during training it resulted that most of the workers mismatched with their job, which lead to less work and productivity. Training programs were more concentrated on political issues in order to enhance the culture of China rather than technical education. This led to a drawback and indicates that the training system of China is mostly linked to theory rath er than practice. Workers are provided very narrow training aspect and they lack the ability to solve a problem in a practical way. Therefore, it can be said that the training and development process of China is passive and it does not produce creative and dynamic workers (Wei L & Lau C, 2005). Talented employees switch their jobs on two condition i.e. good salary or better carrier opportunities. But research indicated that in China employees are switching job because of better environment, compensation, knowledge, respectful position and carrier growth. In order to cope up with this situation Chinese management association introduced various courses on the education of management systems in many

Week 5 Discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 5 Discussion questions - Essay Example Sometimes management is naà ¯ve and they think that the same rules apply to a company in a large scale. With growth come a lot of hidden costs to monitor a larger operation. Enron was the largest energy producer in the world. The company got so big that a lot of lower level managers and accountants could not see that a huge scam was occurring right beneath their feet. I think that companies are more vulnerable to this phenomenon when they are in their early stages of development due to a lack of economic resources to implement proper internal control mechanisms. I think that employee growth is often not managed well as company start growth. For instances when a company has thousands of employees it become harder to implement control mechanisms to maintain a drug free environment because it is too costly to test all the employees. Firms can only implement random testing of a small population of the employees due to cost constraints. Sometimes firm underestimate the importance of experience and they hire too many college recruits at once. Bad management of human resources complicates human resource issues. I believe that one of the biggest changes in the accounting profession is that accountants have become bigger assets of the managerial staff due to their ability to analyze business information. The utilization of accounting information systems provides companies with precise up to date information that can be used to make informed business decisions. Technology has helped managers and accountants a lot. The accounting profession is changing in the United States due to the influence of new regulations that arrived in the 21st century such as the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. A branch of accounting that will grow a lot in the near future is auditing and forensic accounting. Sometimes when companies begin to growth they don’t pay adequate attention to their inventory numbers. This

Cryopreservation of Zebrafish Ovarian Follicles Essay

Cryopreservation of Zebrafish Ovarian Follicles - Essay Example The technologies in cryopreservation have undergone tremendous advances over the last decade. In addition, cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos is also being used as an effective means of treating infertility. In this technology, the clinical application seeks to ensure the optimal survival of embryos and oocytes that are subsequently thawed and stored for transfer . The aim of this practical experimentation is to compare the slow-cooling procedures with vitrification to analyze and evaluate the most effective and safest procedure as well as to endorse suitable recommendation for the adoption of best practices. To do this, it is necessary to test and calculate the viability for control, slow-cooling and vitrification samples. Determining the number of cells in the culture is also important for standardising culture conditions and performing accurate quantitation experiments . The use of viability test with hemacytometer and typan blue staining will enable us to determine the cell number, the correctness of which is inevitable for accurate test results. Live cells appear colourless and bright under phase contrast, while the dead cells sustain blue stains and are non-refractive. To facilitate accuracy and consistency of cell counts, we have used a viability counting system. This involves counting viable, live and dead cells in one or more large corner squares and recording the cell counts. In order to obtain an accurate cell count, 40 to 70 cells will be counted during the test phase. Therefore, it may be necessary to count more than one large corner square. The controlled technique, which is the conservative method used for the purpose of cryopreservation of cells and tissues, is based on the slow-cooling approach. It needs to be appreciated that a large number of non-sensitive cells can be preserved in liquid nitrogen with little damage through slow-cooling

Future Directions of Health Care

Future Directions of Health Care In the future the health care system faces several challenges. In stirring ahead in a strategic direction challenges they countenance are: technology advancements, health care reform and legislation, access to health care, advancing age of population and maintaining a skilled workforce. These regions afford challenges and there are a great deal requirements for reforms and changes. I will address in this paper five areas with challenges in strategies organizations and health care can become accustomed to obtain a strategic direction. The use of information technology (IT) in healthcare includes a wide range of technologies integrated in sharing and managing electronically information of patient as a substitute of records of paper which have the prospect for errors. IT has the prospective to develop safety of patient, quality of health care, effectiveness, and collection of data. This can aid to prevent costs rising with sturdy statistics that can establish itself. â€Å"Our country’s IT infrastructure of healthcare will facilitate and control these significant efforts-making probable the types of basic changes in delivery and access of health care projected in the fresh health care law†. (Buntin, 2010). For health care organizations there are health care incentives payments that can exhibit employ of EHR’s in an efficient and safe manner. Consecutively to meet the criterion for incentive payments, hospitals and physicians have got to exhibit evidence of significant use of technology whilst ex ecuting the subsequent: Certified EHR Technology-Utilisation of a certified product as established by the Health and Human Services Department (HHS), which has got to be incorporate the employ of electronic structure, Information Exchange-EHR have got to be connected in a way that offers health information electronic exchange to advance the health care quality, this comprises promoting synchronization of healthcare, reporting on measures by means of EHR have got to conform with reports of submission on quality measures of clinical. Physicians and Hospitals that implement EHR systems will advantage mainly. Physicians can earn extra above time by leveraging a Medicaid or Medicare program of incentive. Providers might obtain benefits beneath merely 1 of the 2 programs. Physicians and Hospitals must adapt their strategic direction to put into practice this technology in their organization consecutively to obtain the incentive program benefits. This counterbalances the technology costs a nd prevents them from cutbacks in funding of Medicaid and Medicare. The Affordable Care Act of 2010 marks a fresh period in health care of American. This Act will commence to have a constructive outcome on business owners, families, and employees. It decreases the premiums price in the course of tax relief. Policy makers have extensively afforded with means to construct costs of health care affordable and yet offer quality care. Physicians are worried above the health care high costs and that it â€Å"is not connected with high prominence and effectiveness in the services delivery or improved outcomes of health†. (Moseley, 2009, p.1). Future budget reductions to academic medicine intend challenges. Interventions of Prevention are a substitute to health care reform improvement. Reforms must be spotlighted on the issue of coverage, increasing quantity, increasing value, with a foremost spotlight on maintaining the healthy population. In due course the objective must be to improve on the bills of health care in the course of costs regulation, per formance measurement, extension of coverage, increase of sponsored government- insurance, and inducements for wellness programs. Each American must have access to affordable quality, coverage of health insurance. Millions of Americans devoid of coverage are deprived of access to desired care, medications by prescription, and additional essential services. â€Å"Not merely has the figure of uninsured increased, the increase has as well excessively affected the majority susceptible groups†. (Bloom Canning, 2011, p.1). Obstacles that the uninsured countenance is the distinction between preventative cares and need for further composite medical care. The financial effect is brutal and a lot of people effort to meet up their daily requirements. Strategies that firms can deem comprise: providing a group of skilled individuals to assist take advantage of participation in programs of public health insurance. Statistics require to be computed consecutively to sufficiently recognize the uninsured demographics. Offering free clinics and additional information on healthcare that is being offered will support to con struct improved outcomes of health. The objective is to resolve problems generated by cultural, geographic, and additional precise barriers. All the states consecutively to move forward must embrace services of community based that are provided in the course of the Affordable Care Act. â€Å"Even though a healthcare organization countenances no competition in any way, it had to depend on world about it changing-both the external and internal environments†. (Moseley, 2009, p.9). There are a lot of challenges in offering finance costs and needs of health care for the aging populace This is since further people are living longer healthier life owing to medical technology advancements. The elder age groups are on the increase and will carry on rising in a growing trend. A solution to this concern is to capture data with particulars on data of demographic similar to specific age with respect to productivity, to employment, capabilities, and links amid aging and macroeconomic performance to estimate superior results. As people age they stay in the labor force longer and their needs of health are different from individuals who are younger. As the segregation develops amid the elderly population, the matter of maintaining and educating, a skilled work force in the industry of health care is definitely a rational concern. Resources can be described as tangible or intangible- idle sitting, they merely do not add to productivity in a great deal. â€Å"What creates a distinction is what they are able of achieving when they are in operation or action. This hidden prospective of resources comprises a firm’s competencies. An ability that is activated is an activity†. (Moseley, 2009, p.40). Health care is a labor intensive industry that needs all levels of skill sets. In a strategic business unit Managers take into deliberation when hiring, the mainly efficient mix of staff that can accomplish the broadest workload in their resources. The amalgamation of skill sets and job descriptions required for every job in the organization is one mean to get extra for the money. A few of the skills and duties might extend bey ond into diverse areas of the SBU’s. Employers require investing in a skilled labor force if they are to meet up their financial objectives, particularly with the challenges of the present economic surroundings. With the job market challenges, forging local and state partnerships with employers consecutively to advance inferior skilled workers is vital. Offering reimbursement of education as an advantage to employees to acquire a higher degree is important. Advancing the improvement of lower skilled workers can be simpler when labor is in demand. Employers yet have got to maintain skilled and low skilled workers. It is significant to access training to advance employer’s competitiveness and productivity, performances of workers, and opportunities of future job. Building a relationship of team allows providers to retain, train, associate, work in the course of hard times, and grow when the economy permits. In America there are a lot of challenges faced by health care today. Organizations of Health care can make use of strategies to become accustomed to these challenges. It is vital to carefully examine the challenges we countenance and accustom strategies to these challenges. To meet up these challenges we can make use of experience and technology. Strategies can aid to prevail over hurdles and incessantly improve on the process. References Bloom, D.E., Canning, D. Fink, G. (2011). Implications of Population Aging for Economic Growth. (Report no. 64). Boston, MA: Harvard Initiative for Global Health. Buntin, M.J. (2010). Health Information Technology: Laying the Infrastructure For National Health Reform. Health Affairs. ABI/Inform Global, 1214-1219. Moseley, G.B. III. (2009). Managing Health Care Business Strategy, Sudbury, MA. Jones and Bartlett Learning Inc.

Got Zinc? :: Essays Papers

Got Zinc? According to recent statistics, zinc is the third most commonly used nonferrous metal in the United States. This unassuming metal was among the first minerals exploited by Man, used as a decorative material for thousands of years, although it never achieved the fame and notoriety of other metals such as gold or silver. In more recent times, new extraction and processing methods have allowed Man to produce higher-quality zinc than ever before, and to use it in an astonishingly high number of chemical and high-tech applications. The term â€Å"zinc† was not in use until the 16th century, at the earliest. The ancient Greeks called it â€Å"pseudargyras,† meaning â€Å"false silver,† and made very little use of it (Mathewson 1). The unassuming bluish-gray mineral was given a warmer welcome by the Romans, who were already using it to make brass by â€Å"about the time of Augustus, 20BC to 14AD†; the Romans used, not purified zinc, but the mineral calamine (â€Å"zincky wall accretions† from caves) and fused them in a crucible with bits of copper to make their brass (Mathewson 1). Around the world, zinc was being exploited by the Chinese civilization as well, although documentation of Asian use of zinc does not come until the 7th century of AD, from Kazwiui, the â€Å"Pliny of the Orient.† Kazwiui, â€Å"who died in 630AD, stated that the Chinese knew how to render the metal malleable and used it to make small coins and mirrors† (Mathewson 2). The discovery and us e of zinc, then, was widespread in ancient times and through the Middle Ages. However, it seems that it had not yet been used for anything much more practical than a mirror, a fact that would very quickly change in the 18th and 19th centuries as higher-grade zinc became available and new applications presented themselves. One of the most common applications of zinc in its early days was as a component in roofing. A report was presented to the Institute of British Architects in 1860 that revealed â€Å"that nearly every roof laid in Paris during the previous fifteen years had been covered in zinc, and this included famous buildings such as the Louvre and the Hotel de Ville† (Porter 73). The report was presented because British architects feared that they would lose technological pace with architects from the European mainland if they did not learn to take advantage of this valuable resource, which became increasingly fashionable.

Kraft Case Coffee Pod Essay

Competition: Market Share of Competition This chart of the market share shows that Kraft Foods was the world leader in coffee sales with 15% of the global market. In Canada Kraft’s/Nabob and Maxwell had a combined share of 35%, where Nestle had 19%, Private labels accounted for 25%, and smaller companies summed 21%. With grocery markets carrying a selection of coffee brands and flavors along with major retailers such as Starbucks and Tim Horton’s selling their coffee beans in grocery outlets, competition in the Canadian coffee market remains very aggressive. There are four major coffee pod competitors in Canada and they are One-to-one, Home Cafà ©, Senseo, and Bunn My Cafà ©. One-to-one One-to-one brews coffee pods in two different sizes and has a bar quality. This machine has advantage that it can also change its spout in order to make iced tea or regular tea. They also use the biggest coffee pods at 9.7 grams vs. the other 7 gram pods used in regular machines. One-to-one also has three different varieties to choose from; You can purchase a 16 pack of pods for $4.99. These coffee pod machines are available at the Bay, Canadian Tire, Zellers, and Home Outfitters. Home Cafà © Home Cafà © has pressure brewing coffee pods while getting the full flavor of the bean. This machine has a removable platform to avoid spilling and can brew three different cup sizes. This type of coffee pod has 4 different flavors to choose from and a 16 pack of single coffee pods cost $4.99. Senseo Senseo has a specialized machine that creates a rich froth on each coffee brewed. Each blend is brewed in 30 seconds and has an automatic shutoff after one hour of no use. Senseo uses premium beans and offers four flavors that come in packages of 18 for $4.99. Bunn My Cafà © Bunn My Cafà © use special spray head and delivers maximum flavor in each cup. This machine can also brew a cup in 30 seconds and has 9 brewing settings to change the strength of the coffee. Out of all the machines listed above Bunn My cafà © machines sell in retail for $150 per machine, the highest price out of the four. The cheapest machine is the One-To-One selling in retail from $60 – $75. The best deal for retail selling price of pods is Senseo at $4.99 per 18 packs of pods Social/Cultural Canada compering to other countries work with faster technology and faster workforce. Before Canadians, coffee drinkers were taking them longer to get their coffee. Today the Canadian coffee drinker can get their coffee in one minute. These advanced technologies reflect to overall Canadian technology and the fast-paced environment that Canadians live in. Technology Even though coffee pods may cost a little bit more per cup of coffee, it has its benefits. Whit use of the prepackaging for the single serving coffee the SSP machines can deliver coffee in less than 1 min. The SSP machine measure the water tank or the amount of ground coffee for your cup, just place pod and press a button. You no longer have to throw away the nasty wet filter with used coffee you just have to recycle the little plastic pod. Pods also do not use an actual coffee pot, so you do not need to clean the pot of coffee every day. This is perfect for people that usually make only one coffee, instead of making a batch, only a single cup is processed. Different kinds are also available in terms of taste. Environment Kraft has taken some significant actions to keep the environment safe and clean. One aspect relating to environmental factors is that, the SSP machines are much easier to clean than the other pods on the market. It  allows you to have cluttered ground coffee that is unable to be used, no leftover coffee to pour away and no pot to clean. When finished, users would simply dispose of the pod in the garbage or compost bins, whereas regular disposable coffee cups and filters must be thrown away in the garbage. Micro Environment The 4 P’s Price $0.50 per cup Product Single-Serve Coffee Pods (SSP) Promotion – Consumer shows, demo program booth, television sponsorship campaign, giveaways, print ad buy one get one free coupons Place – Consumer shows and big retail outlets across Canada. Three different merchandising tools: Shelf-strips with coupon AdPad that holds 12 bags and coupon holder, On-Shelf Racking that holds 14 bags, Branded Off-Shelf Bins that holds 48 bags. Mission Statement: â€Å"Helping people around the world to eat and live better.† Kraft Foods Inc., Consolidated Income Statement USD $ in millions Marketing Objectives Herzog’s goal was to obtain 45% market share at the end of 2006 He also expected 6% from a 12.5 million household in 2004 and 8% in 2006. For advertising, Kraft wants to use TV sponsorship using all television programs for 3.5 launching. Production for a 30-second English-language contest spot would cost $10000; airtime to run English language spot for one week would cost $15000, giveaways would cost $5400. Promotional execution would cost $5000. Herzog also wanted to use direct marketing through an email campaign. This is where customers would be sent an email inviting them to visit a website and register to win a fee year’s supply of coffee pods. Merchandising objectives for Kraft’s coffee pods includes shelf-strips with coupon AdPad, on-shelf racking, as well as branded off-shelf bins. The cost for the total campaign is $961400 and there would be $38600 left from the $1000000 budget. Proposed Marketing Strategy Price: To create better value for our customers we decided that price of $4.99 for 16 pods is perfect. Our competitors have the same price but we have better value. This price of $4.99 will target Melitta in direct competition since they offer the same value. Maybe a slight increase (18 pods instead of 16 pods). This will ensure that Kraft would win in the competition. The wholesale price for the coffee pods should be $49.99 for 200 coffee pods. And for market share, we recommend Mr. Herzog to start at 20% with an increase of 5% per year that will lead him to those desired 35%; 20% is very possible for Kraft and its very profitable Product: Kraft’s branding Our Branding strategy focuses on the packaging. The branding strategy for Kraft’s Maxwell House and Nabob Brand should reflect the consistent branding strategy already being implemented by the company. However, Kraft should use upscale packaging and back up the upscale high quality product that they have. An example of an upscale packaging concept by current market entrant is Melitta. The reason for my branding strategy focus on the packaging is due to the principle of first impression and mental association that a potential consumer will have especially Kraft’s target market. The target market for single serving pods is high-income individuals and families ($91,000) and well-educated individuals. Place: Most Canadians have their cup of coffee at home or at the nearest available store. Kraft should make coffee so good it enhances the time we spend with friends and family while enjoying a cup of it. A good way to go about it would be dividing the Country in regions and market the product targeted right at their consumer profiles. Furthermore delivery straight to retail stores would make the supply chain shorter hence costs will be less. Even better would be to encourage most buyers to buy it on the Website, with free delivery or a more effective promotion tactic. If the Consumer buys the product straight from the manufacturer the dividend will scale up rather then selling them in bulk to wholesalers and retailers. Promotion: Promotion is the most important element of the proposed marketing strategy; all medium must be evaluated then used to acquire as many consumers as possible. One of the things that can be used is print advertising; billboards, magazines, newspapers etc. Another option is also TV sponsorship, using almost all television programs for 3.5 months launching. Direct Marketing can also be suggested for example email invite consumers to visit the Website then put an offer like click to win a free supply of coffee pods for a year. Merchandising has its own promotional options too like on shelf racking, shelf-strips with coupon AdPad or branded off shelf bins. References Stephanie Larkin (2007) Current Trends Of Coffee Consumption. Retrieved from: http://www.streetdirectory.com/food_editorials/beverages/coffee/current_trends_of_coffee_consumption.html Ben Berry (Oct.2011) Coffee and Tea Industry Trends from the Canadian Coffee and Tea Show. Retrieved from: http://www.ats-sea.agr.gc.ca/eve/6060-eng.htm NPD Group(July 2012)More Canadians opting to brew their favourite drinks at home Retrieved from: https://www.npdgroup.ca/wps/portal/npd/ca/news/prca_120720/ Stock Analysis on net(2012)Kraft Foods Inc. (KFT) | Income Statement. Retrieved from: http://www.stock-analysis-on.net/NYSE/Company/Kraft-Foods-Inc/Financial-Statement/Income-Statement Dolcera Public (August 2009)Premium Coffee Market Segmentation. Retrieved from: http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Premium_Coffee_Consumers_Market_Segmentation

Management Styles through Different Leaders The WritePass Journal

Management Styles through Different Leaders Management Styles through Different Leaders John | July 16, 2017 Management Styles through Different LeadersManagement Styles through Different LeadersTo modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayBill GatesTo modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayCarlos SlimManagement Styles through Different Leaders Carlo Slim and Bill GatesConclusion To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayReferencesTo modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayRelated Management Styles through Different Leaders Essay A growing body of evidence in the business environment supports that leaders are made and not born. However, a good leader must have patience, commitment, knowledge, and experience to manage the subordinates. In other words, a good leadership style is developed through training, education, self-commitment, and accumulation of experience. (Zaleznik, 2004). More importantly, leadership is one of the most researched concepts in business studies because of the contributions of a leader to the organizational achievement. This study also compares the management styles through different leaders by reviewing leadership styles of Carlo Slim and Bill Gates. A good leader transforms an organization and shapes the economy. Carlo Slim and Bill Gate are the examples of the leaders who use their different management styles to transform the economy and their respective organizations. The objective of this document is to provide an analysis of management styles through leaders. This study also compares the leadership styles of Carlo Slim and Bill Gates. Management Styles through Different Leaders KÄ ±yak, et al. (2011) define the conceptual leadership as a selective, role-taking, empathetic and selective process that assist in handling the strategic initiative of an organization. Clarks, (2009) points out that leadership is the major factor that determines the success or failure of an organization. However, leadership and management overlap because an individual must have both leadership and management skills to be effective in an organization. Management involves an ability to achieve a specific task. However, leadership is a broader concept that involves a process by which leaders nurture and communicate ideas to the subordinates. To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today A strategic leadership plays an expanding role in enhancing competitive advantages. In a healthcare organization, leaders are called upon to use their problem-solving skills and knowledge to develop creative solutions to problems. Creative leadership involves the ability to invent or develop new solutions to challenging problems. One of the exemplified leaders in the healthcare organization was Robert, a nurse leader, who used democratic leadership style to assist her staff growing independently. (Clark,. 2009). Henry Fayol argues that both leaders and managers delegate powers to their subordinates to assist an organization to balance responsibility and authority to achieve a specific task. However, management process involves planning, staffing, organizing, controlling and directing. In this Essay we will compare the management styles through different leaders. Bill Gates Bill Gates is one of the exemplified leaders who integrate management process into his leadership ability to achieve competitive advantages for the Microsoft Corporation.He is a business giant, and highly regarded in the IT and business world, often ranked in the Fortune 500 as one of the top 10 most admired business leaders. Bill used autocratic leadership styles to direct his subordinates before his retirement from Microsoft in 2008. Gates’ success was attributed to his controlling ability and quick decision-making process. (Demuth, Hammond, 2013). Sometimes, Gates exhibited more than one leadership styles depending on circumstances. While Gates used the autocratic style as the dominant leadership style in managing the business, however, Gates would not have been successful if adopted only an authoritarian style because the authoritarian style is not appropriate for innovation and can hinder the creative ability of followers. Zentner, (2016) believed that Bill was a servant leader who focused on helping others to achieve their goals. â€Å"Servant leadership focuses on the betterment and support of others by seeking to meet the interests, needs, and ambitions of others’ above one’s own.† (Zentner, 2016 p 1). When a servant leadership style is implemented appropriately, it can enhance employee behaviors and outlook, which drives motivation for higher performances and changes. To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today Carlos Slim Carlos Slim is another leader in Mexico who integrates the transformationalleadership styles in his management style to transform himself into a business giant. Mr. Slim is a native originally from Mexico. At a tender age, he received a business lesson, which helped him to understand the method to increase his personal fund. At the age of 12, he started investing in shares and after completing an engineering course at the University of Mexico at the age of 25, Slim incorporated his first company named Inmobiliaria Carso in 1966. He inculcated the spirit of transformational leadership by diversifying his business ventures using the visionary skills to actively invest in various businesses when Mexico was facing the economic problems. Management Styles through Different Leaders Carlo Slim and Bill Gates Carlo Slim leadership style is influenced by his personal beliefs and principles, which he has inculcated in transforming his business empire. Unlikefounder of Microsoftwho used the autocratic leadership style in managing the Microsoft Corporation, Slim incorporated the transformational leadership styles when making a business decision. Yavirach, (2015) argues transformational leaders use the intellectual capability to stimulate their subordinates to achieve better performances. Slim uses the transformational leaders to transform Telmex into the biggest telecommunication company in the Latin America. Although, both Slims and Gates are entrepreneurs, and multi-billionaires in the North America, however, their leadership principles are different. While Gates uses the combination of autocratic, and servant leadership styles in running his business empire, Slim focuses on the transformational leadership style using the intellectual capabilities and charismatic qualities to solve the business problems. While both leaders use different styles in managing their business, both have been successful in their line of businesses. Conclusion Many leaders in the North American have been able to combine both the management and leadership styles to transform their organizations into business empires. This study proves that management styles through different leadersdo overlap, however, a combination of both leadership and management skills is critical to achieving competitive market advantages. The study also compares Gates and Slim management styles through different leaders, and the results of the analysis reveal Gates uses the combination of servant and autocratic leadership styles to manage his businesses, however, Slim relies on transformational leadership style to solve business problems. To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today References Clark, C. C. (2009). Creative nursing leadership management. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Demuth, P., Hammond, T. (2013). Who is Bill Gates? New York: Grosset Dunlap, An Imprint of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. KÄ ±yak, M., Bozaykut, T., Gà ¼ngà ¶r, P., Aktas, E. (2011). Strategic Leadership Styles and Organizational Financial Performance: A Qualitative Study on Private Hospitals. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 1521-1529. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.090 Yavirach, N. (2015). The Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership to Subordinates Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment Affect to Team Effectiveness. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2159035 Zaleznik, A. (2004). Managers and Leaders: Are They Different? Harvard Business Review. Zentner, A. (2016). Bill Gates: A Servant Leader. Research Gate Journal To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today

Between Silence and Light essays

Between Silence and Light essays Architecture is a meeting place between the measurable and the unmeasurable. The art of design is not only rooted in the aesthetic form, but in the soul of the work. In Phenomena and Idea, Stephen Holl once wrote, " The thinking-making couple of architecture occurs in silence. Afterward, these "thoughts" are communicated in the silence of phenomenal experiences. We hear the "music" of architecture as we move through spaces while arcs of sunlight beam white light and shadow." Undoubtedly, Holl adopted this concept from its author, Louis I. Kahn. Unquestionably, I am referring to "Silence and Light", a concept created and nurtured by Khan, and one that dominated the later half of his work. Kahn had chosen the word Silence to define the unmeasurable or that which has not yet come to be. According to Khan, the unmeasurable is the force that propels the creative spirit toward the measurable, to the Light. When the inspired has reached that which is, that which known, he has reached the Light. Eloquently expressing the architect's passion for design, Khan wrote "Inspiration is the of feeling at the beginning at the threshold where Silence and Light meet. Silence, the unmeasurable, desire to be. Desire to express, the source of new need, meets Light, the measurable, giver of all presence, by will, by law, the measure of thing already made, at a threshold which is inspiration, the sanctuary of art, the treasury of shadow." Khan believed that in order for architectural theory to be credible, it had to be constructed. Thirty years ago, Khan began one of his most successful executions of the Silence and Light with the Library at Phillips Exeter Academy. This New Hampshire landmark physically illustrates and ideologically embodies many of Khan's concepts and incorporates many of his beliefs, synthesizing them into a tight little package with a powerful punch. The subtleties of materiality coupled with multiple plays of light truly e...

SFAS 154 - Accounting Changes and Error Corrections Assignment

SFAS 154 - Accounting Changes and Error Corrections - Assignment Example At times, it also happens that a change in the accounting policy or principle affects the consolidated financial statements of the group as well. So, SFAS 154 aims to highlight all of the above discussed issues in details and provide appropriate guidance as how to incorporate the effects of all those changes in the financial statements of the reporting entity. This article is structured in such a manner that first section describes the overview of SFAS 154 which includes the objective of its issuance as well as the scope of this standard. Next section focuses on recognition, measurement and disclosure requirements of SAFS 154. Third section highlights the comparison of SFAS 154 of FASB with IAS 8 of IASB i.e. a comparison between US GAAP and IFRS in respect of these two standards. An illustrated example is also provided after the comparison of the standards which is then followed by a conclusion which summarizes the whole article. Overview of SFAS 154 Objective Mainly the objective o f FASB to issue this standard is to bring more convergence with IASB towards the preparation, development and furnishing the financial statement as a high quality single set across the world (Deloitte, 2008). As IASB has issued IAS 8 on similar footings, therefore it is the intension of both accounting standard boards to bring more harmonized financial statements in most of the areas of accounting. ... The section â€Å"Accounting Changes† is further divided into three areas which are â€Å"Changes in Accounting Principle†, â€Å"Changes in Accounting Estimates† and lastly, â€Å"Changes in the Reporting Entity† (Financial Accounting Standard Board, 2009). Scope The scope of this standard covers three areas which are listed below (Financial Accounting Standard Board, 2009): 1. SFAS 154 is applicable for both profit making business organizations as well as not-for-profit organizations. In this standard both these kinds of organizations are referred to as â€Å"entities†. 2. Another application of SFAS 154 can be possible in case of summarized financial information which are primarily based upon the financial statements such that accounting changes are reflected in the accounting period in which those changes have arisen. 3. SFAS 154 also encompasses the other forms of financial statements which are prepared for some special purposes. Measurement, R ecognition and Disclosure Changes in Accounting Principles SFAS 154 provides specific guidelines to incorporate a change in the accounting principle. A change in the accounting principle is the change that has been made by FASB by making amendment, addition or deletion in the existing accounting standards issued by FASB (Financial Accounting Standard Board, 2009). FASB requires the entities to bring the effects of the changes in accounting principle retrospectively such that all of the previously issued financial statements need to be modified as a result of change in accounting principles (Deloitte, 2008). SFAS 154 also guides the entities in the situations where it is not practicable for the entities to bring the effects of the

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Business Environment - Essay Example 1 5,6 1.3 Explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them. 1 6,7 LO2 Understandthe nature of the national environment in which businesses operate. 2.1 Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. 1 7,8,9,10 2.2 Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities. 1 10,11 2.3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation. 1 11 LO3 Understand the behaviour of organisations in their market environment. 3.1 Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses. 1 12,13 3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples. 1 13 3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation. 1 14 LO4 Be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities . 4.1 Discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organisations. 2 15 4.2 Analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organisations 2 15,16, 4.3 Evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organisations. ... A business organisation has a boundary, which separates it from its external environment. The main rationale of this assignment is to spot the purposes of business organisation, analyze the criterion used by different types of business organisations to meet the demand of stakeholders, and explain strategies and responsibilities of business organisations, which they use to meet their goals. LO1 Understand the organisational purposes of businesses. Purpose of business organisation      Businesses run to ensure they meet the needs of customers. Therefore, according to many businesses, customers are more essential to a business than stockholders, employees, and managers. Without consumers, entrepreneurs cannot operate businesses (Shorthose & Maycroft 2012, P.33). Therefore, the main principle of business organisation is to ensure that customers experience the best services and are fully satisfied. The organisations vision statement portrays the future state of the organisation. Havin g quality managers and leaders enable a business to create vision and strategy (Fleming 2004, P.4). However, under all business conditions, the purpose of a certain organisation is to ensure that the businesses survive. Business organisation should establish shared values and vision for the businesses (Shorthose & Maycroft 2012, P.35). Business organisation must create mission statement and some commitments to maintain the mission at all the organisational levels. The main purpose of this mission statement is to protect the organisation from being sidetracked and distracted. The mission and values focus on the resources and strategies of the business organisation (Fleming 2004, P.7). The major resources of a business organisation include employees, their experiences, and