Should Animal Testing Be Used For Scientific Or Commercial...

From the moment that the research project was assigned to me, I had a pretty good idea on the topic that I wanted to write about for the semester. Animal testing is a broad and controversial topic to many people because scientist and doctors are testing products on animals. Instead of testing on animals there are other ways to test products on. To prevent animal testing, one can buy cruelty-free products, educate others, help stop cosmetic testing or make donations to organizations that are against testing on animals. For my topic, I choose to research whether animals should be used for scientific or commercial testing. I intend to argue that there are other ways to test drugs, cosmetics, or household cleaning supplies on, rather than using animals for their research experiments. To argue my point, I plan on looking into animal testing in depth and how it is cruel and inhumane. To start I will look at the history, because animal testing dates back to around five hundred B.C. Then int end to look at the laws and regulations that are in place for the use of animals in research, like The Animal and Welfare Act (AWA). Then I will look at what companies and organizations are for or against animal testing, for example, Mary Kay, Avon, and Maybelline are some of the companies that test their products on animals. While the European Coalition to End Animal Experiments, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics, PhysiciansShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Animal Testing1726 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing: Is it necessary? People take medicine, and they wear makeup. Most people own one or two or maybe more pets. Some people love their pets as if they were their own children. Pets are loved and taken care of. They are rescued and adopted. But do people know that they are treated the opposite in a laboratory? It is estimated that every year, 26 million animals are used for scientific and commercial testing in the United States. There are many reasons animals are used for testing. SomeRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Animal Welfare Movement Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagespractice of testing and then murdering innocent animals for medical research and cosmetics is immoral. Public policy establishing the animal welfare movement began in Great Britain with the passage stating an act in 1835 to consolidate and amend the several laws relating to the cruelty and improper treatment of animals. In 1911 the Parliament passed the â€Å"Protection of Animals Act, and it is still enforced currently. This policy was established while permitting humans to use animals as test subjectsRead MoreEssay on Animal Research Bill655 Words   |  3 Pages Animal Testing Bill Section One: This bill will set rules to any make-up company creating cosmetic products for humans. Companies who create the make-up must have the product tested on animals before testing on humans. Section Two: Congress hereby finds and declares that cosmetics has been flawed because of it’s lack of sufficient research. In order to fulfill an efficient research (synonym), cosmetic companies should undergo animal testing. Products created by the company should firstRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Not All Humane And Pain Free1130 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion animals are used every year in the united states for scientific and commercial testing† (ProCon.org). We are rapidly using up the earth’s supply of small animals. â€Å"A 2011 poll of nearly 1,000 biomedical scientists conducted by the science journal Nature found that more than 90% agreed that the use of animals in research is essential (ProCon.org). Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, and other animals are locked up in cages and are getting killed for scientific tests toRead MoreHow Could One Not Feel Guilty When Looking Into A Test937 Words   |  4 Pageshave endured? Over 75-100 million animals are used for scientific and medical research per year. (Baumans) Animals should not be used for scientific and medical research because it is unethical, humans and animals are not genetically identical resulting in failed tests, and there are other techniques to conduct research. â€Å"Killing by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, neck-breaking, decapitation, and other means† (qtd. ProCon) are all results of what happens to the animals after they have fulfilled theirRead MoreEach Year, More Than 100 Million Animals Including Rats,1343 Words   |  6 PagesEach year, more than 100 million animals including rats, mice, fish, cats, hamsters, and birds are killed in U.S. laboratories. The reasons behind the killings of these innocent animals are for biology lessons, medical training, drug, food, and cosmetics testing. Animals are used to test commercial products as well as scientific developments. Using animals to test the safety of products and in research has been a topic of debate for years and it will continue for many more years if it does not comeRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing802 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year over 26 million Animals are used for scientific and commercial testing. They use these animals to develop medical treatments and to determine the safety for human use. Animals are put through intense torture, pain and death just to see if the product is safe for humans. Even pregnant animals get tested on and most of the time the baby animals die in the stomach. Testing on these innocent animals is cruel and inhuman. There is really not a similarity on animals and humans, half of the productsRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Testing Purposes?966 Words   |  4 Pages Should Animals Be Used for Testing Purposes? Testing on animals has always been a controversy often debated. Millions of animals are tested on each year to aid in the research and development of commercial and scientific products. Animals get tested on to ensure the safety of human use or consumption in anything from beauty products to medicine. Testing has enabled life-saving advancements in medicine; however it is no longer necessary to harm animals in the process of saving humans. Animal testingRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Rights1601 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal rights is the philosophy or idea that all animals should be able to live a life free from human exploitation pain and suffering. According to Gale † The idea of animal rights has roots in ancient times. In Greek philosophy, the animists believed that both animals and people had souls. The vitalists believed that humans were animals but at the top of the chain and could use animals for their benefit.† ( Animals Rights, par.2). In the early twentie th century in the United States, there wasRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Outlawed?903 Words   |  4 PagesGrade English Mrs. King April 26, 2016 Should Animal Testing Be Outlawed? Everyone has probably worn or has owned something animal tested, whether they’ve known it or not. Animal testing has been around since the early ADs but was most commonly known for starting about 150 years ago with the rise of physiology as a science. As â€Å"Companies That Still Use Animal Testing† says, these testings have gone down a lot with new developments for these kind of testing but there are still many major companies

Emergency Room Services Free Essays

Emergency rooms in the USA are under increasing pressure to provide emergency care to all, even if they are non life threatening. This trend in approaching ER for every singly problem is costing the healthcare system a large amount of costs, with the result that the number of ER services and hospitals are decreasing with increased pressure on the remaining healthcare facilities. Other contributing factors are not helping either. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergency Room Services or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to this the issue of increased alcohol consumption and ER admissions is also beginning to negatively affect the quality of healthcare. Nurses are under more pressure than ever to handle ER efficiently, which is showing no signs of decreasing the number of unnecessary ER admissions. Alcohol and Drug Abuse Are Main Abusers of Emergency Room Services Many reports now confirm that Emergency room services are among the most misused healthcare services employed by the patients. Of the many problems with which the patients come into the ER with, the most common are due to alcohol and drug abuse. According to McGeary (2000) â€Å"chronic illicit drug use is a positive as well as a significant determinant of the probability of utilizing the ER.† (McGeary et al, 2000) Substance abusers were 30 percent more likely to utilize the ER services than any other emergencies. (McGeary et al, 2000) The above statements and study results point out to many issues and findings. Firstly, that drug users or abusers are the most prominent patient crowd of the ERs. This leads to the next conclusion that in order to improve ER services, we must be able to identify and care for the main target patients, who are drug users, alcoholics and such related substance abusers. ER is also a most likely place where screening for psychiatric symptoms and drug abuse can be identified, and further treatments carried out. In this way, an ER can be looked at as a diagnostic, screening and treatment facility for those who are substance or drug abusers, with or without psychological symptoms. This also means that in order to improve services in the ER, the prime patient population in focus should be such people, and effective measures and policies must be introduced to provide care for this group. The costs utilized in the education and prevention of alcohol abuse is far less than the costs that it takes to treat alcohol cases. The trend in opting for emergency visit initially may have been limited to emergency cases, but in the recent years has grown to include insignificant calls that may not need emergency initiatives. The problem lies in lack of awareness among people about what constitutes an emergency and what not. To many this increase in the recent years in the emergency room entries and calls are due to the increasing size of the populations, the reduction of services and number of hospitals, the decrease in the number of nurses, and the problems of not having insurance and coverage in the American population. The current concept of ER has changed to become a place that provides round the clock services for all healthcare related problems instead of a service that is essentially made to save lives in critical danger. The complications are leading to more admissions, with the danger that many patients who may be in actual need of the critical treatment may experience delays in their treatment, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. (Severson, 2000) The current statistics reveal that one in five of the visits to the ER are for non-urgent conditions. (Osheraoff, 2004) Of the most common abusers of the ER system, men, poor families and African Americans are seen to abuse them the most. These numbers are high in all of the American states. In California, this includes a quarter million of the Californian adults and 60,000 children. The increase these admissions and care treatments cost are six times more than the normal clinical expenditures. Of the abusers, the non citizens were more likely to utilize the ER services when compared to the citizens. All these increases in the numbers are thought to take place due to the reasons mentioned above. The ER services nation wide are in deep trouble. (Sacremento State News, 2004) In the last ten years from 1993 to 2003, America as experienced an increase of 12 percent in its population, but the ER reports and admissions have increased by 27 percent. This was coupled by the closing of 425 emergency departments, 700 hospitals and 200,000 beds. This means that as the number of ER services is decreasing, the remaining services are experiencing a sharp rise in the admissions and therefore more work with lesser amount of quality provision. (Brown, 2006) What many of the Americans refuse to acknowledge is that the ER visit is also costly for them, apart from the increased cost that the healthcare sector pays. This trend to have every thing taken care of in the ER is usually due to two reasons on the patients’ behalf. One is to save oneself from waiting for an appointment with the primary healthcare provider, and second is the lack of awareness among the Americans as to what constitutes an emergency. (Osheroff, 2006) The drug related admissions in hospital ERs is increasing precariously. In 2004, there were near 2 million admissions in the ER for drug related mishaps, of which 1.3 million were due to drug misuse or abuse. (SAMSHA, 2006) Of the 1.3 million, 30 percent comprised of illicit drug abuse cases, 25 percent were related to over the counter and prescribed medications, 8 percent were alcohol abuse cases in people under age 21, and the rest included combinations of illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals and alcohols in various combinations and percentages. The drugs that were primarily involved comprised of cocaine, marijuana, heroine, stimulants, amphetamines and methamphetamines, PCP, Ecstasy and GHB in the largest amounts. The problem will continue to increase in number as many predict due to the increased number of teenagers and young adults taking up these substances. (Samsha, 2006) How to cite Emergency Room Services, Papers

Japanese Communication Styles Essay Example

Japanese Communication Styles Essay Japanese Communication Styles Japanese communication patterns and styles can be confusing to Westerners. Americans are used to straight talk. Americans make great efforts to convey the exact intent of their message. Japanese interlocutors tend to use words as only part of the message they are trying to communicate. Other factors, such as silence, subtle body language, mood, tone, and intuition imply communication styles. I would like to explore the aspects of communication styles in terms of (1) body language and physical behavior, (2) silence, (3) eye contact and (4) saving face. It is often pointed out that throughout the long history of Japan; the Japanese have cultivated their unique communication styles which are based on their high-context, collectivistic and almost homogeneous society (Ishii et al. , 1996). The Japanese are reported to be reserved, cautious, evasive, silent, and ambiguous (Barnlund, 1975), placing an emphasis on not hurting others and keeping harmonious relations with each other. This emphasis on harmony has helped to mold a society where the ability to assimilate differences and to engineer consensus is valued above a talent for argument (Barnlund, 1989). In this communication-passive society of Japan, modesty, humility, and suppression of self are considered to be moral ideals (Okabe, 1983), and people are rather reluctant to disclose their true feelings (Barnlund, 1975). Body Language and Physical Behavior Body motion, as a whole, is more reserved in Japan than in the West. The Japanese predisposition for well chosen delicate gestures is born from necessity, for 125 million people live on these small mountainous islands. Japanese living quarters and public places are usually overcrowded. People must share space continuously at ome, work, and play. We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Communication Styles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Communication Styles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Communication Styles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is very easy to physically violate another persons space, so the Japanese do all they can to avoid it. They are raised to detest pushy and argumentative behavior in public. To avoid such unpleasant exchanges, people tend to keep their hands, feet, elbows, and knees closer to their frame. Being polite, reserved and aware of ones own and other peoples body movements, is an essential part of being Japanese. A code of physical behavior seems to exist almost everywhere in Japan. People generally do not talk loudly, touch each other unless forced to by vercrowding, or make other disturbances in places traditionally considered public. People keep to themselves when among strangers. Yet even among friends, there are always subtle codes of behavior to consider, a code for what you can and can not do with your hands and feet. Hand gestures are plentiful and useful, especially when you want to relay a message without drawing the attention of those around you. In the office, hand signs can invite someone to a drink or meal, tell others the boss is angry or has a girlfriend, or simply explain that youve Just been fired. In all these examples the hand gestures would be different from those used in the West. One of the most common communication styles that non-Japanese people are familiar with is bowing. Bowing (oJigi) is a very important custom in Japan. Japanese people bow all the time. Most commonly, they greet each other by bowing instead of handshaking. It is impolite not to return a bow to whoever bowed to you. Japanese people tend to become uncomfortable with any physical forms of contact. But, they have become used to shaking hands with westerners. Bowing has many functions in one. It expresses the eeling of respect, thanking, apologizing, greeting, and so on. Japanese people bow, when they say, thank you, sorry, hello, good bye, congratulations, excuse me, good night and good morning. Bowing seems simple, but there are different ways of bowing. It depends on the social status or age of the person you bow to. If the person is higher status or older than you are, you should bow deeper and longer. It is polite to bow, bending from your waist. Men usually keep their hands at their sides, and women usually put their hands together on their thighs with their fingers touching. If it is a casual situation, you can bow like nodding. The most frequent bow is a bow of about fifteen degrees. Bowing is also an important part of the Japanese tea ceremony. Silence The use of silence in communication is not an exclusively Japanese phenomenon and all languages make extensive use of it. In Japan, however, it is a particularly important part of the language. While we in the West have programmed ourselves to listen for hidden meaning in a Jumble of words and try to read between the lines. Japanese people listen to the silences, for hidden innuendo and deeper meaning, as f reading between the words. Just as the white space on the paper in Japanese graphics is an important part of the design, spoken Japanese flows among the silent spaces. Silence speaks loudly and clearly to the Japanese. There are many examples in Japanese culture where silence expresses meaning with great force or subliminal elegance. The Japanese tend to be suspicious of words; they are more concerned with actions. They believe in using silence as a way of communicating. They also believe it is better to talk too little than too much. Japanese people take special note of the pauses between words. They are comfortable with less talk and longer periods of silence than are Westerners. Japanese may even use the fact that silence disturbs Westerners as a strategy to unnerve them. In the United States speakers may use silence to draw the listener in, to slow down the flow of events, or encourage the other person to pay attention while they Justify or explain something (Riesman Riesman 1987). In the Japan however, silence may be a polite acknowledgment of failure or inability. This technique is common amongst students who often assume there is only one specific way to answer, as is customary in test-oriented Japanese ducation. Silence signals to the teacher to move on to the next student, maintaining the flow and harmony within the classroom. Eye Contact In most cultures especially Western culture, it is considered rude to not look at the person who is speaking to you. We are taught to look people in the eye at all times and avoiding eye contact is usually associated with being dishonest or uninterested. In Japan it is considered rude or even aggressive to hold the gaze of another person. Japanese people usually look at the other persons neck or focus on something such s their tie knot or other parts of the face such as the eyebrows or the mouth. It is less offensive to look at a persons eyes and then look away or down before looking at their eyes again. The avoidance of eye contact can limit social interactions with non- Japanese persons who would probably assume that that person is being rude when they are actually practicing a form of communication etiquette. Saving Face Being accurate is very important to Japanese people because it saves face. When the Japanese make mistakes/errors it is very unacceptable. Most Japanese people do ot like being put in a position where they have to admit to a failure or mistake, because doing so means losing face and it is very serious to them (http:// www. rikkinyman. com/training/]apanese culture/communication. htm). Many are hesitant to admit that they dont understand something. Japanese people tend to avoid the word no for all practical purposes; it doesnt exist. They believe that no person should be publicly humiliated or embarrassed. This saves face or avoids marring that persons image. Saying no or directly showing displeasure or disappointment risks humiliating the other person and they must be avoided. The Japanese have created ways of saying no without humiliating the other party (http:// www. rikkinyman. com/training/]apanese culture/communication. htm). Some examples of how to tell another person no is: asking a question, saying they dont understand, changing the subject, or claiming they have no authority to answer at the time. When a Japanese person is criticized they take it as a personal offense and it also is considered losing face. Many Japanese do not understand how Western cultures accept or separate behavioral criticism from personal criticism. Conclusion There are many important differences between Western culture and that of the Japanese people. These important differences show how important it is for people to be aware of other cultures and how they interact and communicate with each other. After learning about Japan and their communication styles, I see how easy it can be for people to misunderstand and stereotype others based on what they dont know. Etiquette and manners are important and required in Japan. In our culture it is rare for people to uphold the dignity of others the same way they would for themselves. It s important for Japanese people to adhere to their communicative styles because there is some correlation between the way they communicate and how they live. Without their conversational rules their communities would be chaotic based on their vast population. Japanese people are subtle with words and body gestures and have maintained their cultural communication styles despite Western influence through globalization and technology. References 1 http://www. rikkinyman. com/training/]apanese_culture/communication. htm 2. http://www. danin]apan. com 3. ) Barnlund, D. C. (1975). Public an d Private Self in Japan an d the United States. Tokyo. The Simul Press. 4. ) Barnlund, D. C. (1989). Communicative Styles of Japanese an d Americans: Images and Realities. CA. Wadsworth Publishing Company. 5. ) Ishii, S. et al. Intercultural Communication (1996). Tokyo: Yuhikaku. 6. ) Riesman Riesman. Conversations in Japan (1987). Basic Books, Inc. , Publishers: New York. 7. ) Okabe, R . (1983). Cultural Assumptions of East and West: Japan and the United In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed. ) Intercultural Communication Theory: Current States, Publications. Perspectives. CA: Sage

How far did Henry VIII continue the policies of his father 1509-1514 Essay Example

How far did Henry VIII continue the policies of his father 1509 How far did Henry VIII continue the policies of his father 1509-1514 Essay How far did Henry VIII continue the policies of his father 1509-1514 Essay Essay Topic: History Henry VIIs domestic and foreign policies were primarily driven by greed. His ritualistic counting of coins in the bedroom was his favourite past time and through his desire to be wealthy, he would go to great lengths, regardless of how unpopular he became, to achieve it. Henry VII ruled England atypically and was unimpressed by the widely respected chilvary of his predecessors, more concerned with security, he spent much of his time calming down risings in his own country. Henry VIII however, was in awe of great warriors such as Henry V and The black prince; he believed that a king must fight to prove himself and strove throughout his reign to emulate the respect and military prowess of his heroes. I consider that the fundamental differences in character and politics between the two kings will help to explain why Henry did or did not continue the policies of his father between 1509-1514. Both Kings had very different aims when they came to the throne, Henry VIIs was primarily to secure the throne for his male heir but Henry VIIIs aims were far more ambitious. He had grown up hearing of tales of The black prince and the great triumphs of Henry V, so at the age of seventeen years and nine months, Henry was determined to emulate the success of his contemporaries. He strongly believed in the English kings ancient claims to the French throne and was determined to claim it. Henry VII in contrast however, had no such ambitious and was relatively uninterested in foreign war and the French crown; he placed far more importance of establishing himself and his heir as the rightful succession on the throne. In domestic policy the two kings differed less perhaps than in foreign. Henry began his reign by marrying Catherine of Argon although this fulfilled Henry VIIs treaty obligation it was however the first sign the Henry was unlikely to follow in his fathers footsteps. After the death of Henry VIIIs older brother, Catherine of Argon was widowed, through Henry VIIs greed for money he demanded that she could not remarry the younger son unless another dowry was paid. Her fathers refusal condemned her to the tower of London and only with Henry VIIIs rise to monarch was she freed and married. This perhaps was a sign from Henry, since he made a point that his first action would go against the wishes of his father. Henry VII had famously never got along with the nobility largely due to the large taxes he continued to place upon them during his reign, the tax collectors Epson and Dudley were executed once Henry VIII was in power. Their removal was a calculated ploy to enable the new regime profit from the stability won by Henry VII without incurring any of its attendant stigma. Henry VIII did therefore inherit a far more peaceful and united England than his father did in 1485. Henry VII inherited a far less stable England and throughout his reign he continued to suppress uprisings from impersonators such as Perkin and Warbeck and was constantly under the threat of other claimants to the throne. The execution of Empson and Dudley demonstrated that Henry sought to create new links with the nobility in spite of his fathers dislike and mistrust. His father had been so wary of the nobility in high places that he had set up The council learned, made up of professionals with whom he would converse with about policys rather than the nobility. Henry VIII also dissolved this, as well as removing many of the bonds his father had placed to tax the nobles. He did however not remove them all, perhaps an indication that he was not all that dissimilar from his father in some respects. Henry VIIs desire for money bordered on an obsession for him and he even threatened, though never planned to follow up, war with France in the October war in order to get a regular pension if he promised not to invade. He was meticulous with money and taxed whenever he could, perhaps the main reason he was so uninterested in war was because it was so expensive. Henry VIII in stark contrast however was very extravagant and felt the best way money could be spent was on war. He had very little interest in the administrative side, he loathed writing letters and persuading him to write his signature was a taxing situation for his council. Henry VIII allowed his council the freedom to initiate policy on many matters, far more so than Henry VII. As a much younger king he indulged in sports such as jousting and hunting and spent little time contemplating policy. Through his love of sports he had exposure to many of the nobles and it helped him create good relations with them. It was in fact the nobles influence, which encouraged Henrys desire for the French crown, something his father had shown little interest in. Henry VIIs foreign policy was principally the maintenance of international security and when England was relegated to a second rate power as Spain rose to become Frances main rival, Henry VII was unconcerned. He was not interested in establishing England as a great power, nor was he interested in being recognised among the other rulers in Europe, his son however was rather different. Due to Henry VIIIs insecurity, he was desperate for recognition and glory. Frustrated at Englands irrelevant position in Europe and little power he resolved to make England great again. In 1513, the chief advisor to the king and Lord Chancellor, Wolsey ordinated Henrys invasion of France, where Henry gained the occupation of Therouanne and Tournai. Although these conquests were of little strategic value, Henry prided himself on his victory and felt that he was a step closer to establishing himself as a great warrior. His father had signed a one-year true with France in January 1489 and when he died he had left his son in a position where he was in good relations with the powers of Europe. He had maintained the triangular alliance that he had so craved after several claimants to the throne had been backed by foreign powers. He was acutely aware of his vulnerable border with Scotland due to its French alliance and had been meticulous in creating security for himself and his heir. Henry VIII however desired no such alliances and this was evident by his wars with France and Scotland in 1513. As a result of the war with France, they began to repay the pension that Henry VII had threatened to go to war for all those years ago. In this respect perhaps, Henry did continue the policies of his father to some extent. However the war with Scotland did not however, as his father had always tried to ensure good relations between them due to their precarious border and alliance with the French. The war with Scotland, the Battle of Flodden took place on 9th of September 1513 and saw the massacre of King James and his son the Archbishop of St. Andrews, another bishop, two abbots, twelve earls, fourteen lords almost the whole Scottish aristocracy and knights, gentlemen and commons. On 22nd of August that year James IV had crossed the border to England near Coldstream with 20. 000 men. The Earl of Surrey, who had already fought in the War of Roses yet 70 years old marched north carrying the banner of St. Cuthbert, led England to victory. Although Thomas Cromwell called both wars ungracious dogholes in 1523, Henry was thrilled. Afterwards he negotiated a treaty of peace between Louis XII and recovered the French pension. As Henry VIIIs reign unfolded, he added imperial concepts of kingship to existing feudal ones and he strove to give meaning to the words Rex imperator, unheard of since the Roman empire and it is I consider through these chivalrous dreams that he went to war with France and Scotland in 1513. Henry VII and Henry VIII had very different ideas of what was expected from a king and I consider that although Henry VII had restored stability and royal authority, it may have been for reasons of character as much as policy that his son resolved to augment his regal power. Henry VII desire for stability and money meant that he had little interest in the danger and expense of war, his sons more traditional views and imperialistic concepts of kingship craved recognitions a great warrior like his hero Henry V. These differences explain the very different foreign policies of the kings as well as much of their domestic policies and although Henry did not abolish all his fathers taxes, he did destroy the careful alliances he had built up through his reign. For these reason therefore I consider that Henry VIII did not continue the policies of his father to a great extent, if at all and that their fundamental principles and politics varied greatly.

How to Ride the Euphemistic Treadmill

How to Ride the Euphemistic Treadmill How to Ride the Euphemistic Treadmill How to Ride the Euphemistic Treadmill By Mark Nichol How do you refer to a person or people with characteristics outside the perceived norm? Why should you do so at all? Describing a person as belonging to a certain race or ethnic group or having a physical or mental disability, or commenting on a provocative or embarrassing topic, is a challenge on more than one level. Linguist and cognitive science Steven Pinker has called the first level of challenge â€Å"the euphemistic treadmill,† a form of pejoration (a shift of meaning to a negative connotation or a less sophisticated sense) or semantic change (an alteration of meaning). A word caught on the euphemistic treadmill is one that replaced an offensive or pejorative term but has itself become unfavorable. For example, the primary mode of reference to people in the United States of relatively recent African extraction (I employ modifiers here because all humans ultimately derive from Africa) has transformed repeatedly through recent history. Even now, no one term is universally preferred: â€Å"African American† and black (or Black) seem to be equally popular, and many publications use the terms interchangeably, but the otherwise obsolete (and offensive) term colored persists as well in the name of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and some black people use the otherwise inexcusable word nigger in a neutral manner but are insulted if someone of another race utters it. In terms of condition rather than color, handicapped supplanted crippled as a description supposedly more respectful of those described, but many people, both members of that class and others, consider handicapped itself insulting because it, like crippled, emphasizes that people so described do not have the capabilities other people possess. (Similarly, writers are urged to avoid connotations of victimization: Write â€Å"Jones uses a wheelchair,† for example, rather than â€Å"Jones is bound to a wheelchair.†) A more recent trend has been to employ a people-first perspective, in which someone is described as â€Å"a person with disabilities,† rather than â€Å"a disabled person,† though some groups and movements reject this approach as a misguided politically correct complication. Why do these subjects have to be so complicated? We’re all genetic mongrels anyway, so why even refer to one’s race or ethnic origin? And why is it considered appropriate to comment on a person’s physical or mental condition at all? Of course, such descriptions are not always necessary, and they should be omitted when they’re irrelevant. But, for better or worse, ethnic identity and physical or mental ability is often pertinent to a discussion. So, we’re back to where we started how should a writer describe an individual or a community or group when such a detail is warranted? If you’re writing for a specific publication or for an organization, investigate whether it has a pertinent style or policy. If the subject matter is dealt with in a style guide or a handbook (for example, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association), use that resource as a guide. Otherwise, if your subject is an individual, or the content describes an individual, ask that person. If that approach is not feasible, search the individual’s own documentation (such as a personal website or a blog on which the person describes himself or herself). In the case of a community or a group, seek guidance from a representative or, again, research original documentation for example, a print or online publication. Whatever you do, if it’s appropriate, integrate into your content as seamlessly as possible your rationale for using potentially controversial or less-than-universal terminology. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. Programme50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersOne Scissor?

Value Stream Analysis (VSM) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Value Stream Analysis (VSM) - Research Paper Example Due to the very broad range and depth of such a definition, this particular approach is one that seeks to gain a level of inference from a high degree of different inputs and correlate these to the overall ability/profitability/efficiency that a particular business entity reflects. Although aspects of this particular method of analysis have been utilized within other forms of business analysis, value stream analysis is one of the only methods of measure that are able to encapsulate each of these determinants in one simple panel local overview. As a function of seeking to understand value stream analysis to a greater degree, the following essay will discuss what typically defines the value stream analysis, the means of application, when they should be utilized, why they should be utilized, the in effects of utilizing value stream management within a given corporation/business entity the results of utilizing value stream management, and the overflow impacts in comparison to other strat egies that might exist as compared to values stream analysis within the business environment. As a function of this level of analysis, it is the hope of this author that the reader will come to a more profound and actionable appreciation for the fact that this particular approach is both useful and efficient in helping to define and differentiate some of the core strategies that should be approached with regards to ensuring that a profitable, efficient, and realistic scheme of inputs is utilized to bring the product to the consumer market. One of the first steps in seeking to utilize value stream analysis as an actionable way to improve efficiency and/or profitability that a given business entity can promote to the end consumer is by targeting the actual product/product lines/or business unit that will be responsible for tabulating and considering these inputs. Not only is this ineffective in accomplishing any particular goal, it reduces the importance and/or relevance of the inform ation that it is capable of providing. This is obviously due to the fact that an overarching level of analysis of a given business entity provides an ineffective basis by which business decisions and key input utility can be inferred (Bevilacqua et al, 2008). A secondary component of value stream analysis that is oftentimes overlooked is with respect to the fact that it must necessarily be performed at the lowest level of the firm; at the point where the basic inputs come into the business entity and are processed in one way or another in preparation to create the final product or service to provide the end consumer. Thirdly, once these inputs have been tabulated and understood, the current situation must be analyzed so that any existing waste or ineffective procedures can be trimmed. Fourthly, the step that oftentimes poses the greatest level of difficulty for the firm or business entity that seeks to integrate with such a process is with regards to seeking to improve upon the weak nesses or inefficiencies that have thus far been noted. Once this is understood and effected, the fifth and final step is to implement these and work towards future profitability and

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Project - Essay Example Many Americans feel this reluctance stems from an unwillingness to reveal something that they do not want consumers to know. The best solution is to require mandatory labeling of all of the products that are considered GMO, genetically engineered, or in any way augmented in or by a laboratory. Genetic research has been going on for several decades and is still going strong. Most people hear the words genetic engineering or biotechnology they think of science fiction stories. However, real, modern biotechnology is quite different and it is certainly not science fiction. The manifestation of biotechnology is not so much â€Å"in your face,† as it is â€Å"in your food.† In fact, for more than a decade the majority of processed foods in the United States include ingredients containing genetic material derived from plants whose DNA has undergone laboratory manipulation. The most common genetically altered crops in the United States include soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola . The soybeans carry DNA derived from bacteria that cause the plants to be resistant to common weed killing pesticides, as well as, corn crops, which, also, is taken from DNA from bacteria, which allow the corn to produce its own natural pesticide.(Harmon & Pollack, 2012) It has been determined that most store bought products contain some form of soy or corn, including high fructose corn syrup, and exist in 60-70% of the foods on the grocery store shelves, including cereals, snack foods, dressings/dips, crackers, and chips are all the products of genetic modification, in one way or another.(Byrne, 2013) Supporters of mandatory labeling believe that they manufacturers do not want labeling because they do not want consumers to be aware of how much GMO food they are already consuming. They, also, feel that the scientists, biotechnological farms, and the big businesses that profit from them do not want to be forced to label such products. In their eyes they are putting profit before pub lic awareness and, potentially, public safety. This public concern is not strictly an American phenomenon. Consumers prefer to be informed. Twenty-one countries have already implemented mandatory labeling requirements; so one might ask, why should the United States be any different? (Byrne, 2013) Consumers have a right to know through clearly marked packaging, to make informed choices about the ingredients being mentioned, and understand what exactly they put into their bodies. The claim that GMO goods are completely and thoroughly safe, however, is not something that any of the scientists today can actually guarantee. They can only confirm that there appears to be no danger or side effects associated with consuming GMO foods or food ingredients. It has never been confirmed through human testing that that is true, especially over a period of long term consumption. That said, they are essentially asking us to take their word for it without providing much in the way of facts and detai ls. In fact, biotechnologists today are, basically, using the same limited